{"id":1772,"date":"2023-11-19T17:16:55","date_gmt":"2023-11-19T09:16:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/?p=1772"},"modified":"2023-11-19T18:21:53","modified_gmt":"2023-11-19T10:21:53","slug":"%e5%ad%a4%e7%8b%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/?p=1772","title":{"rendered":"ECM\uff5c\u5409\u4e1c\u00b7\u514b\u96f7\u9ed8\uff5c\u9b4f\u56e0\u4f2f\u683c\u4e09\u9996\u65e0\u4f34\u594f\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434\u594f\u9e23\u66f2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"902\" src=\"http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-109-1024x902.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1773\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-109-1024x902.png 1024w, http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-109-300x264.png 300w, http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-109-768x677.png 768w, http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-109-816x719.png 816w, http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-109.png 1530w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>\u5b64\u72ec<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7c73\u8036\u5947\u65af\u74e6\u592b\u00b7\u9b4f\u56e0\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Mieczystaw Weinberg\uff09<br>\u4e09\u9996\u65e0\u4f34\u594f\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434\u594f\u9e23\u66f2\u7684\u601d\u8003<\/em><br>\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u5188\u00b7\u6851\u5fb7\u7eb3\uff08Wolfgang Sandner\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u585e\u5df4\u65af\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u5df4\u8d6b\uff08Johann Sebastian Bach\uff09\u7684\u300aSei Solo. \u00e0 Violino senza Basso accompagnato. Libro primo\u300b- 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Bernhard\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7f8e\u5b66\u795e\u79d8\u6027\u7684\u5173\u952e\u90e8\u5206\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d8\u5bc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u5df4\u8d6b\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0a\u521b\u4f5c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5904\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u88ab\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u81f4\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u6807\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u5e73\u6de1\u4e0d\u8fc7\u3002\u97f3\u4e50\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u5982\u679c\u53d1\u8868\u4e00\u90e8\u660e\u786e\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u4e94\u9996\u7ba1\u5f26\u4e50\u66f2\u201d\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2d\u6027\u4e14\u4e0d\u663e\u773c\u7684\u6807\u9898\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u59cb\u4e8e\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7\u00b7\u52cb\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Arnold Schoenberg\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u57281909\u5e74\u7684\u4e94\u9996\u7ba1\u5f26\u4e50\u66f2\uff08op. 16\uff09\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u9996\u4e2d\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u97f3\u4e50\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u9769\u547d\u5bf9\u4ece\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u51e0\u4e4e\u50ac\u7720\u822c\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u4ece\u5b89\u4e1c\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\u6069\uff08Anton Webern\uff09\u5230\u9a6c\u8482\u4e9a\u65af\u00b7\u5e73\u7279\u820d\u5c14\uff08Matthias Pintscher\uff09\u90fd\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u540c\u540d\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u7b2c3\u9996\u7684Klangfarbenmelodie\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5bf9\u5bfb\u6c42\u7ed3\u6784\u5bf9\u9f50\u548c\u98ce\u683c\u6784\u601d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u97f3\u4e50\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5df4\u8d6b\u7684\u65e0\u4f34\u594f\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434\u594f\u9e23\u66f2\u548c\u7ec4\u66f2\u5728\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u4e0a\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5370\u8bb0\u3002\u81ea19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u8d77\uff0c\u8d39\u8fea\u5357\u5fb7\u00b7\u5927\u536b\uff08Ferdinand David\uff09\u548c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u7ea6\u963f\u5e0c\u59c6\uff08Joseph Joachim\uff09\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u5e26\u7ed9\u4e86\u5e7f\u5927\u97f3\u4e50\u7231\u597d\u8005\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u96f7\u683c\u5c14\uff08Max 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Sz\u00e9kely\uff09\u7684\u7b2c1\u9996\u594f\u9e23\u66f2\uff0c\u57281925\u5e74\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u7684Teatro La Fenice\u9996\u6f14\u65f6\uff0c\u89c2\u4f17\u4e2d\u7684\u52cb\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Schoenberg\uff09\u70ed\u70c8\u6b22\u547c\uff1b\u8d1d\u62c9\u00b7\u5df4\u6258\u514b\uff08B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k\uff09\u57281944\u5e74\u53d7\u53f6\u80e1\u8fea\u00b7\u6885\u7ebd\u56e0\uff08Yehudi Menuhin\uff09\u59d4\u6258\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u665a\u671f\u594f\u9e23\u66f2\uff1b\u4f2f\u6069\u5fb7\u00b7\u963f\u6d1b\u4f0a\u65af\u00b7\u9f50\u9ed8\u5c14\u66fc\uff08Bernd Alois Zimmermann\uff091951\u5e74\u7684\u72ec\u594f\u594f\u9e23\u66f2\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u5e03\u52d2\u5179\uff08Pierre Boulez\uff091991\u5e74\u7684\u300aAnth\u00e8mes 1\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u771f\u6b63\u63a2\u7d22\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434\u58f0\u97f3\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6ce2\u5170\u72b9\u592a\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u7c73\u8036\u5947\u65af\u74e6\u592b\u00b7\u9b4f\u56e0\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Mieczystaw Weinberg\uff09\u7684\u4e09\u9996\u65e0\u4f34\u594f\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434\u594f\u9e23\u66f2\u6beb\u4e0d\u8d39\u529b\u5730\u878d\u5165\u4e86\u5df4\u8d6b\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f20\u7edf\u5bf9\u9b4f\u56e0\u4f2f\u683c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5ba1\u89c6\u4ed6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u65f6\u624d\u80fd\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u6b4c\u5267\u300a\u4e58\u5ba2\u300b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u90e8\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u5267\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u9b4f\u56e0\u4f2f\u683c\u6574\u4e2a\u97f3\u4e50\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7f8e\u5b66\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u547d\u8fd0\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u8258\u9a76\u5f80\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u8f6e\u8239\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u521a\u4ece\u5965\u65af\u5a01\u8f9b\uff08Auschwitz\uff09\u6050\u6016\u4e2d\u9003\u8131\u7684\u6ce2\u5170\u5973\u5b50\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u7684\u524d\u5973\u770b\u5b88\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u95ea\u56de\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b4c\u5267\u91cd\u65b0\u5524\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u4f4d\u88ab\u56da\u7981\u7684\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434\u624b\u5854\u5fb7\u4e4c\u4ec0\uff08Tadeusz\uff09\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4f4d\u6ce2\u5170\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u672a\u5a5a\u592b\u2014\u2014\u6f14\u594f\u4e00\u9996\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u5706\u821e\u66f2\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5854\u5fb7\u4e4c\u4ec0\u6ca1\u6709\u6f14\u594f\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u8ba5\u8bbd\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u90a3\u9996\u6700\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u66f2\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f00\u59cb\u6f14\u594f\u5df4\u8d6bD\u5c0f\u8c03\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ec4\u66f2\u7684\u6070\u7a7a\u821e\u66f2\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u6bdb\u9aa8\u609a\u7136\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u7a92\u606f\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8046\u542c\u4e00\u9996\u900f\u9732\u51fa\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u827a\u672f\u8868\u73b0\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u66f2\u5b50\u3002\u53cd\u5e94\u77ac\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\uff1a\u4e50\u5668\u88ab\u7838\u788e\uff0c\u5854\u5fb7\u4e4c\u4ec0\u88ab\u5904\u51b3\u3002\u9b4f\u56e0\u4f2f\u683c\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba9\u5df4\u8d6b\u7684\u6070\u7a7a\u821e\u66f2\u7531\u6574\u4e2a\u4e50\u961f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434\u624b\u9f50\u594f\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u5854\u5fb7\u4e4c\u4ec0\u4eba\u7c7b\u56e2\u7ed3\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u662f\u7531\u72ec\u594f\u5927\u5e08\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6f14\u594f\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u60b2\u60e8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9b4f\u56e0\u4f2f\u683c\u4e8e1919\u5e74\u5728\u534e\u6c99\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e86\u9003\u907f\u8d1d\u8428\u62c9\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u800c\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u90a3\u91cc\u3002\u5f53\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5165\u4fb5\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u72ec\u81ea\u79bb\u5f00\u6ce2\u5170\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u66f2\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u518d\u6b21\u9003\u79bb\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u4ed6\u9003\u5230\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5fb7\u7c73\u7279\u91cc\u00b7\u8096\u65af\u5854\u79d1\u7ef4\u5947\uff08Dmitri Shostakovich\uff09\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u4ed6\u6765\u5230\u4e86\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u77e5\u540d\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u7684Weinberg\u624d\u5f97\u77e5\u4ed6\u7684\u5168\u5bb6\u4eba\u90fd\u7559\u5728\u534e\u6c99\uff0c\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u4e2d\u4e27\u751f\u3002\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5e76\u57281950\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u88ab\u6295\u5165\u76d1\u72f1\u3002\u8096\u65af\u5854\u79d1\u7ef4\u5947\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u670b\u53cb\u548c\u540c\u884c\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u7684\u575a\u51b3\u652f\u6301\u800c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u514d\u4e8e\u906d\u53d7\u82cf\u8054\u53e4\u62c9\u683c\u4f17\u591a\u968f\u610f\u56da\u72af\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ecd\u662f\u4e2a\u672a\u77e5\u6570\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u53bb\u4e16\u548c\u968f\u540e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89e3\u51bb\u800c\u5f97\u6551\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5730\u4f4d\u76f8\u7b26\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e1996\u5e74\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7476\u5c81\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6b4c\u5267\u300a\u4e58\u5ba2\u300b\uff08The 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Kremer\uff09\u7cbe\u51c6\u5730\u5c06\u9b4f\u56e0\u4f2f\u683c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u594f\u9e23\u66f2\u4e0e\u5df4\u6258\u514b\u7684\u594f\u9e23\u66f2\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u4e3a\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9690\u542b\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03\u5728\u827a\u672f\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5e38\u5e38\u5f15\u53d1\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9690\u542b\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u53f9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5b83\u4e0e\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5951\u5408\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u5f15\u8ff0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>I. &#8220;\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u8096\u50cf&#8221;\uff1a\u8282\u594f\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\u611f\uff0c\u77ed\u6682\u5730\u5728\u53cc\u97f3\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u7f13\u89e3\u3002<br>II. &#8220;\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7684\u8096\u50cf&#8221;\uff1a\u9ad8\u97f3\u533a\u7684\u6df1\u60c5\u6292\u60c5\u6b4c\u66f2\uff0c\u7ebf\u6027\u6f14\u594f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8282\u594f\u5f3a\u8c03\u3002<br>III. &#8220;\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u513f\u65f6\u7684\u81ea\u753b\u50cf&#8221;\uff1a\u8f7b\u5feb\u7684\u65ad\u594f\uff0c\u5076\u5c14\u7684\u968f\u673a\u7206\u53d1\u3002<br>IV. &#8220;\u8fc7\u6e21\u6027\u5361\u767b\u8428&#8221;\uff1a\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u53cc\u97f3\u6f14\u594f\u3002<br>V. &#8220;\u9003\u8dd1\uff0c\u72c2\u5954&#8221;\uff1a\u72c2\u6012\u7684\u65cb\u5f8b\uff0c\u98a4\u97f3\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u613f\u610f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u730e\u6b4c\u3002<br>VI. &#8220;\u5b64\u72ec\u4e2d\u7684\u56de\u5fc6&#8221;\uff1a\u5e73\u9759\u7684\uff0c\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u97f3\u7b26\uff0c\u6c89\u601d\u3002<br>VII. &#8220;\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u821e\u8e48\/\u4e0e\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd&#8221;\uff1a\u9634\u90c1\u7684\u97f3\u8272\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u8282\u594f\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u62e8\u5f26\uff0c\u97f3\u8c03\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u9000\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T.S.\u827e\u7565\u7279\uff08T.S. 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http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-110-768x414.png 768w, http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-110-1536x829.png 1536w, http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-110-2048x1105.png 2048w, http:\/\/www.epochaudio.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-110-816x440.png 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u8981\u7279\u522b\u5411\u6731\u5229\u53f6\u65af\u00b7\u666e\u5854\u585e\u5361\u65af\uff08Julius Ptasekas\uff09\u8868\u793a\u611f\u8c22\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8fdc\u89c1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u7684\u5e15\u5229\u8036\u4fee\u65af\u5e84\u56ed\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u5e15\u5229\u8036\u4fee\u65af\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\u4f4f\u5b85\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u7c73\u5947\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u97e6\u6069\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Mieczystaw 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